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Using a VPN is a great way to protect your internet traffic when you are traveling, but it is not a solution for encrypting your regional files. .

When the FBI needed information from the San Bernardino shooter's iPhone, they asked Apple for a back door to get past the encryption. But no such back door existed, and Apple refused to make one. The FBI needed to hire hackers to get into the phone.

Why wouldn't Apple help Because the moment a back door or comparable hack is different, it becomes a target, a decoration for the poor guys. It'll leak sooner or later. In a talk at Black Hat this past summer, Apple's Ivan Krstic disclosed that the company has done something similar in their cryptographic servers.

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Apple can't update them, but the bad guys can't get in either. .

All of the products in this roundup explicitly say they have no back door, and that is as it should be. It does mean that in the event you encrypt an essential document and then forget that the encryption password, then you've lost it for good.

Back in the day, in the event that you wanted to maintain a document key you could use a cipher to encrypt it and then burn the original. Or you could lock it up in a safe. The two main approaches in encryption utilities parallel those options.

One sort of product simply procedures files and folders, turning them into impenetrable encrypted versions of these. Another creates a virtual disk drive that, when open, acts like any other drive on your system. When you lock the digital drive, all the files you put into it are entirely inaccessible. .

Like the virtual drive solution, a few products save your encrypted data in the cloud. This strategy demands extreme care, obviously. Encrypted information in the cloud has a far bigger attack surface than encrypted data on your own description PC.

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That is better It really depends on how you plan to use encryption. If you are not sure, take advantage of this 30-day free trial offered by each one of these products to get a sense of the different options.

After you copy a document into protected storage, or create an encrypted version of it, you definitely need to wipe out the unencrypted original. Simply deleting it isn't sufficient, even if you skip the Recycle Bin, since the data still exists on disc, and data retrieval utilities can often return back. .

Some encryption products avoid this issue by encrypting the document in place, literally overwriting it on disc with an encrypted version. It is more common, though, to offer secure deletion as an option. If you select a product that lacks this feature, you ought to find a free secure deletion tool to use along with it. .

Overwriting data before deletion is sufficient to balk software-based retrieval tools. Hardware-based forensic retrieval functions because the magnetic recording of information on a hard drive isn't actually digital. It's more of a waveform. In simple terms, the procedure involves nulling out the known data and reading around the edges of what is left.

An encryption algorithm is like a black box. Dump a document, picture, or other file into it, and you get back what sounds like gibberish. Run that gibberish back via the box, using the same password, and you get back the original.

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The U.S. government has depended on Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) as a standard, and every one the products gathered here support AES. Even those that check this site out support other calculations tend to recommend using AES.

If you're an encryption specialist, you may want another algorithm, Blowfish, possibly, or even the Soviet government's GOST. For the typical consumer, however, AES is just fine.

Passwords are important, and you have to keep them confidential, right Well, not when you use Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) cryptography.

With PKI, you get two keys. One is public; you can share it with anyone, register it in a key exchange, tattoo it on your foreheadwhatever you like. Another is personal, and needs to be closely guarded. If I want to send you a secret document, I just encrypt it with your public key.

Simple! .

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Using this program in reverse, you can create an electronic signature which proves your document came from you and hasn't been modified. How Just encrypt it with your private key. The simple fact your public key decrypts it is all of the proof you need. PKI support is less common than service for traditional symmetric algorithms. .

If you want to talk about a document with someone and your encryption application doesn't support PKI, there are other options for sharing. Many products enable creation of a self-decrypting executable file. You could also find that the recipient can use a free, decryption-only tool.